G‧o‧D

from PIE *g⁽ʷ⁾ew(H)- or *g⁽ʷ⁾ew(h₂)

• to call, name (命名 to give a name to; to name; to dub; to designate ⬄ 命名 命 life; fate/名 name; fame; to describe)
• to invoke, call on (जोहूयते (jóhūyate, “to call on, invoke”)
• to cry, cry out

The word god is often applied both to males and to females. The word was originally neuter in Proto-Germanic; monotheistic – notably Judeo-Christian – usage completely shifted the gender to the masculine, necessitating the development of a feminine form, goddess. (In Old English the feminine gyden, as well as a more explicitly marked masculine goda, existed.)

Lucifer Season 5 ― Episode 8

God shows up and says " children, you know I hate it when you fight "

Phillip Medhurst, Torah 7 Adam giving names, Genesis cap 2, vv 16-17 Sperling

G (illesgérar) D

       ➥ Ø 🢥 Quantum Effect/Fields characteristics

       ➥ illes 🢥 Illés, a male given name, equivalent to English Elijah from Hebrew אליהו‎ 

                                  (Eliyahu, “My God is Yahweh”). 

      ➥ illes 🢥 ille, from Old Latin olle (“he, that”) (also ollus, olla), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ol-no- or *h₂l̥-no-, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Latin uls (“beyond”), alius (“other”) and alter (“the other”); Umbrian ulu (“to that place”), Old Church Slavonic лани (lani, “last year”, literally “in that (year)”).

Initial i- from o- has no parallel case and maybe owing to contamination from is, iste or due to the palatalizing effect of l exilis.

Usage notes

This demonstrative determiner/pronoun is used to refer to a person or thing, or persons or things, away from both speaker and listener. It contrasts with hic (“this”), which refers to people or things near the speaker, and iste (“this/that”), which refers to people or things near the listener.

As Latin had no person pronouns specifically meaning "he", "she" or "it", any of ille, iste, hic or (most frequently) is could assume that function. In Vulgar Latin, ille weakened its meaning and frequently came to mean merely "the" (as a determiner) or "he/she/it" (as a pronoun). This is in fact the origin of French le (“the”) and il (“he”), Spanish el (“the”) and él (“he”), etc. The original meaning of a far demonstrative was maintained when augmented with ecce or eccum, cf. Italian quello, Spanish aquel.

In Classical usage, ille can have a secondary, appreciative function of casting the referent in a positive light: ille homō can mean "that (famous/renowned) man". The opposite, pejorative function is assumed by iste, and iste homō frequently means "that (no good) man". Such functions were not present in Vulgar Latin, and iste came to mean "this" (cf. Spanish este, Portuguese este).

-illus (feminine -illa, neuter -illum); first/second-declension suffix

Used to form adjectives from nouns.

                +   ge  戈 (ㄍㄜ) gē (historical) dagger-axe (an ancient Chinese weapon similar to a halberd)

                            γῆ • (gê) f (genitive γῆς); first declension

                                        ‧ land, earth

                                        ‧ country

                                        ‧ soil

                                       🢥 from a pre-Indo-European Pre-Greek/substrate. The names Ποσειδῶν (Poseidôn), Δημήτηρ

                                        (Dēmḗtēr) and Mycenaean Greek e-ne-si-da-o-ne, “earthshaking (an epithet of Poseidon)”

                                        point to an alternate form *δᾶ (*dâ).

                +   rar  🢥 .rar Acronym of Roshal Archive, a proprietary data compression format.

       ➥ Ø 🢥 ille ge.rar 🢥 that highly compressed G archive

जी डी त्यागराज, G D ThyagaRaj, Field

Thyagaraj is of Indian (Sanskrit) origin and means "illuminating sacrifice".

Tyāga (त्याग) is a Sanskrit word referring to the renunciation of activities, performed with material consciousness.

The Hindu Encyclopedia

Tyāga is associated with an offering. There are three kinds of offerings:

• yāga (sacrifice)
• dāna (giving)
• homa (offering)

Of these, the word yāga refers to principal rite and the other two are associated with subsidiary rites.

Dāna is transferring one’s right over what is given, to the one who is taking. This does not involve any expectation of the result (though it has an invisible result, and it ensues only when the result is not desired for).

Homa is offering of havis in Agni. This involves tyāga of what is being offered, with the mention “na mama”, meaning what is being offered is no more mine, it belongs to the Devata (or the pitri as the case may be) to whom the offering is being made[8]. There is no expectation of a result in the homa itself, but its result will become part of the result of the entire sacrifice.

Hinduism

• Tyāga (त्याग, “abandonment”) refers to giving up of all anxieties for enjoying the fruits of actions; through practise of this kind of tyāga infusing discipline in daily activities the momentary anxiety to enjoy fruits of actions is overcome. It is a subjective renunciation of selfishness and desire. The Tejobindu Upanishad belonging to Krishna- Yajurveda explains that in Tyāga (renunciation) one abandons the manifestations or objects of the universe through the cognition of Atman that is Sat and Cit and this is practised by the wise as the giver of immediate salvation.
• Tyāga (त्याग) refers to the “renunciation”. It is used throughout Dharmaśāstra literature such as the Manusmṛti and the Baudhāyana-dharmasūtra.
• Tyāga (त्याग).—Is to look on the useful and the useless equally; renunciation from affection, desire and difficulty; giving up of all Karmas and having an equal eye on good and evil;1 result of Jñāna or knowledge; gives the result of Karma, but difficult to achieve;2 leads to Vairāgya.
• Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “renunciation of possessiveness”. (cf. Glossary page from Śrīmad-Bhagavad-Gītā).
• Tyāga (त्याग) refers to “avoidance”, as mentioned in verse 4.33-34 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] avoidance [viz., tyāga] of offences against wisdom, assuagement of the senses, awareness, knowledge of the region, season, and constitution, (and) imitation of the conduct of sages: this method (has been) taught in brief for the non-arising of endogenous and accidental diseases and for the alleviation of (those which have) arisen”.
• Tyāga (त्याग) means “letting go” or “abandoning” and represents a term used for renunciation.—Śaṅkara often uses terms for renunciation drawn from the Bṛhadāraṇyaka-upaniṣad: vyutthāna (“transcendence”—literally “intensely rising up or away from”), bhikṣācārya (“begging”) and parivrājin (“one who goes forth”—appearing mostly in its derivative form parivrājaka, which by the medieval period designated the most radical type of renunciation). But he also interjects the synonyms saṃnyāsa (“set down completely”) and tyāga (“letting go” or “abandoning”) or parityāga (“complete letting go” or complete abandoning) both widely used in epic sources such as the Bhagavadgītā and in more specialized medieval Vedānta sources focusing exclusively on renunciation.

Dharma-samgraha

Tyāga (त्याग, “generosity”) or Tyāgānusmṛti refers to one of the “six recollections” (anusmṛti) as defined in the Dharma-saṃgraha (section 54). The Dharma-samgraha (Dharmasangraha) is an extensive glossary of Buddhist technical terms in Sanskrit (e.g., tyāga). The work is attributed to Nagarguna who lived around the 2nd century A.D.

Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra

Tyāga (त्याग):—Generosity (tyāga) is of two kinds:

• Making a gift by giving up a material object (āmiṣa);
• obtaining bodhi by giving up the fetters (saṃyojana).

The former is ‘abandoning’ insofar as it rejects avarice (mātsarya); by contrast, the latter, the ‘abandoning’ of the fetters, plays the role of cause and condition (hetupratyaya). It is necessary to reach the seventh ground in order to abandon the fetters.

According to chapter 36, there are two kinds of abandonment (tyāga):

• abandonment consisting of generosity (dāna-tyāga);
• abandonment of all the disturbing emotions (sarvakleśa-tyāga).

Abandonment consisting of generosity is of two kinds: i) material gifts (āmiṣadāna); ii) gift of the Dharma (dharmadāna) or preaching. Altogether these three kinds of abandonment make up abandonment (tyāga).

Jainism

Tyāga (त्याग, “renunciation”).—Ahiṃsa-vrata practised by the Śvetāmbras refers to the renunciation of killing. Basically, there are five kinds of tyāgas included in the eleven pratimās viz.

1. sacitta-tyāga pratimā, the stage of renouncing uncooked food;
2. ārambha-tyāga pratimā, the stage of abandonment of all professional activity;
3. parigraha-tyāga pratimā, the stage of transferring publicly one’s property to a son or relative;
4. anumati-tyāga pratimā, the stage of leaving the household and refraining from counselling in household matters,
5. uddiṣṭa-tyāga pratimā, the stage of not eating food especially prepared for oneself.

The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

tyāga (त्याग).—m (S) Leaving, abandoning, forsaking, quitting. 2 The remuneration made to the gōndhaḷī, bharāḍī, ḍaurakarū &c. for their services.

The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

tyāga (त्याग).—m Leaving, quitting, abandoning.

The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Tyāga (त्याग).—[tyaj-bhāve ghañ]

1) Leaving, forsaking, abandoning, deserting, separation; न माता न पिता न स्त्री न पुत्रस्त्यागमर्हति (na mātā na pitā na strī na putrastyāgamarhati) Ms.8.389;9.79.

2) Giving up, resigning, renouncing; Ms.1.112; सर्वकर्मफलत्यागं ततः कुरु यतात्मवान् (sarvakarmaphalatyāgaṃ tataḥ kuru yatātmavān) Bg.12.11.

3) Gift, donation, giving away as charity; करे श्लाघ्यस्त्याग (kare ślāghyastyāga) Bh.2.65; वित्तं त्यागनियुक्तम् (vittaṃ tyāganiyuktam) (durlabham) H. 1.139; त्यागाय संभृतार्थानाम् (tyāgāya saṃbhṛtārthānām) R.1.7; Pt.1.169.

4) Liberality, generosity; Ms.2.97; R.1.22.

5) Secretion, excretion.

6) Dismissing, discharging.

7) Sacrificing oneself; मिथो यत् त्यागमुभयासो अग्मन् (mitho yat tyāgamubhayāso agman) Rv.4.24.3.

8) A sage.

Derivable forms: tyāgaḥ (त्यागः).

Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Tyāga (त्याग).—m.

(-gaḥ) 1. Gift, donation. 2. Abandoning, leaving, parting from, separation, deserting, &c. 3. A sage, one who separates himself from worldly thoughts. E. tyaj to abandon, bhāve ghañ aff.

Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Tyāga (त्याग).—i. e. tyaj + a, m. 1. Abandoning, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 10, 111; [Pañcatantra] 261, 6; forsaking, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 389; resigning, [Rāmāyaṇa] 4, 7, 9. 2. Giving away, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 499; liberality, [Daśakumāracarita] in Chr. 180, 16; prodigality, Böhtl. Ind. Spr. 1260. 3. Secretion, Mahābhārata 14, 630.

Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Tyāga (त्याग).—[masculine] leaving, abandoning, rejecting, avoiding, giving up; donation, sacrifice (also [figuratively] of one’s life); also = seq.

Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Tyāga (त्याग):—[from tyaj] m. ([Pāṇini 6-1, 216]) leaving, abandoning, forsaking, [Manu-smṛti] etc.

2) [v.s. ...] quitting (a place, deśa-), [Pañcatantra]

3) [v.s. ...] discharging, secretion, [Mahābhārata xiv, 630; Varāha-mihira’s Bṛhat-saṃhitā] giving up, resigning, gift, donation, distribution, [Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra; Manu-smṛti] etc.

4) [v.s. ...] sacrificing one’s life, [Ṛg-veda iv, 24, 3]

5) [v.s. ...] liberality, [Manu-smṛti ii, 97; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.

6) [v.s. ...] a sage, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

7) [v.s. ...] cf. ātma-, tanu-, deha-, prāṇa-, śarīra-.

[Sanskrit to German] (Deutsch Wörterbuch)

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Böhtlingk and Roth Grosses Petersburger Wörterbuch

Tyāga (त्याग):—und tyāga (von tyaj) [Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 6, 1, 216] (vgl. [159]). tyāga [Ṛgveda] m. = varjana [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha 2, 32.] [Medinīkoṣa g. 6.]

1) das Verlassen, im-Stich-Lassen, das Verstossen (einer Person): na mātā na pitā na strī na putrastyāgamarhati [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 8, 389. 9, 79. 10, 113.] [Yājñavalkya’s Gesetzbuch 1, 72.] [Mahābhārata 1, 3909.] [Rāmāyaṇa 2, 52, 45.] gurumātṛpitṛ [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 11, 59. 62.] [Brāhmaṇavilāpa 1, 33.] [Nalopākhyāna 10, 9.] [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 7, 9.] [Kathāsaritsāgara 13, 71.] aṅganā das Meiden der Weiber [Trikāṇḍaśeṣa 2, 7, 29.] —

2) das Verlassen (eines Ortes): deśa [Pañcatantra 261, 6.] —

3) das Entlassen, von-sich-Geben: retomūtrapurīṣāṇām [Mahābhārata 14, 630.] śleṣma [Varāhamihira’s Bṛhajjātaka S. 50, 33. 45, 58.] —

4) das Aufgeben, Verzichten, Entsagung, Hingabe [Kapila 3, 75.] tyāgaviyogau freiwilliges Aufgeben und gezwungene Trennung [4, 5.] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 10, 111.] svakarmaṇām 24. sarvakarmaphala [Bhagavadgītā 12, 11. 18, 1. 2. 4.] sukha [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 7, 9.] vaira [Yogasūtra 2, 35.] upārjitānāmarthānām [Pañcatantra II, 157.] dhanānāṃ jīvitasya ca [Hitopadeśa I, 38.] dhana [Rāmāyaṇa 4, 7, 9.] jīva [Prabodhacandrodaja 89, 5.] [Sāhityadarpana 182.] atyāge pi tanoḥ [Bhartṛhari 3, 91.] Hingabe eines Gutes (im Opfer): dravyaṃ devatā tyāgaḥ [Kātyāyana’s Śrautasūtrāṇi 1, 2, 2. 7, 21.] [Scholiast Pāṇini’s acht Bücher 208, 2. 394, 3 v. u. 423, 1 v. u.] —

5) Aufopferung, Hingabe des Lebens: mi.ho yattyā.amu.hayāso.agman [Ṛgveda 4, 24, 3.] —

6) Freigebigkeit, = dāna [Amarakoṣa 2, 7, 28.] [Hemacandra’s Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 386.] [Hemacandra’s Anekārthasaṃgraha] [Medinīkoṣa] [Manu’s Gesetzbuch 2, 97.] dhanadena samastyāge [Rāmāyaṇa 1, 1, 9.] [Suśruta 1, 122, 19.] [Bhartṛhari 2, 34. 55.] [Raghuvaṃśa 1, 7. 22.] [Pañcatantra 201, 19.] [Dhūrtasamāgama 68, 3.] yuta freigebig [VARĀH.] [LAGHUJ. 9, 15.] śīlatā ad [Hitopadeśa I, 100.] —

7) ein Weiser (vivekipuruṣa) [Śabdaratnāvalī im Śabdakalpadruma] — Vgl. ātma (Verlust des Bewusstseins [Suśruta 1, 192, 6]), tanu, deha, prāṇa, śarīra .

--- OR ---

Tyāga (त्याग):—

2) sthāna [Spr. 3348.]

Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Sanskrit-Wörterbuch in kürzerer Fassung

Tyāga (त्याग):—m. —

1) das Verlassen , im Stich Lassen , Verstossen (einer Person). —

2) das meiden. —

3) das Verlassen (eines Ortes). —

4) das Entlassen , Vonsichgeben. —

5) das Aufgeben , Verzichten , Entsagung , Hingabe. vāsasām das Ablegen — , Wechseln der Kleider. —

6) Hingabe des Lebens , Aufopferung. —

7) Hingabe eines Gutes (im Opfer). —

8) Freigebigkeit. yuta Adj. freigebig.

context information

Sanskrit also spelt संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

True Colours

An electron that falls from a higher to a lower level has less energy.

The energy lost in this way is radiated as a photon of that energy, whose frequency ν (the “colour” of the photon) is given by E/h.

Conversely, an electron absorbing a photon is raised to a higher level.

Schrödinger’s cat, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and even quantum entanglement: these quantum phenomena are attempts to explain the world on an infinitesimally small scale, and have become relatively well-known in the century or so since they were discovered.

But they are barely the beginning of the weird and counterintuitive behaviours of atoms and subatomic particles. Many bizarre quantum effects still remain obscure.

The quantum Zeno effect

Let’s start with a twist on the classic Schrödinger’s cat situation. In this famous thought experiment, a cat is trapped in a box with radioactive material; if it decays, the radiation triggers a detector that releases a poison gas, and the cat is killed.

But until we check inside to measure the outcome, the contents of the box are in two states simultaneously: in one there has been no decay and the cat is alive, and in the other, there has been decay and the cat is dead. At the moment we take a peek, the decision is made and the cat turns out to be dead or lives another day.

But if you subtly peeked into the box thousands of times per second to keep an eye on the radioactive material, you might be able to alter its behaviour. Depending on the way you observe, it turns out to be possible to either delay the decay (called the quantum Zeno effect) or accelerate it (the quantum anti-Zeno effect). The effect takes its name from the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno, who in a series of logical paradoxes – the most famous involves the athletic hero Achilles in a footrace with a tortoise — ‘proved’ that movement was impossible because any distance could be cut into an infinite number of smaller distances.

The twist is that the Zeno effects occur due to the disturbance caused by the measurement – even shaking the box without looking inside might be enough to do the trick.

Neutrinos lack individual identities

Schrödinger’s cat is an example of one of the stranger ideas in quantum physics: superposition. This basically says that objects can exist in two or more states at the same time – while a cat that is both alive and dead isn’t something you’re likely to see in real life, physicists in the lab often make use of electrons that are spinning clockwise and counterclockwise simultaneously, say.

Building on this idea, scientists have shown that ghostly particles called neutrinos can be trapped in two or more states at once as they travel over hundreds of kilometres. Neutrinos are subatomic particles that barely interact with matter (ten trillion pass through your hand per second) and they can rapidly oscillate between different “flavours” or types as they speed through space, starting as one flavour and arriving at their destination as another.

But this switch isn’t simple. Research shows that during the journey, the neutrinos have no definite flavour – they remain in a state of an identity crisis, simultaneously many flavours at once.

The Hong-Ou-Mandel effect

Quantum optics is an area of research involving light and its interactions with matter on the tiniest of scales.

The Hong-Ou-Mandel effect describes the weird ways in which two photons can interact in a beam splitter, which is an optical device that splits a beam of light in two, like a prism. When a photon enters a 50:50 beam splitter it can either bounce off or pass through, with a 50% chance of each possibility.

If two identical photons enter a beam splitter from either side (as pictured), there are four different possibilities:

The photon above is reflected and the photon below is transmitted;

Both are transmitted;

Both are reflected;

The photon above is transmitted and the photon below is reflected.

Here’s where it gets strange: because the photons are identical, we can’t distinguish possibility 2 from possibility 3 – and so the identical photons just cancel each other out.

As a result, 1 and 4 are the only results you ever see: both photons will always end up on the same side of the splitter.

Vacuum birefringence

Sometimes we have to look at the universe on a grand scale to get a sense of the very small.

Astronomers studying an incredibly dense and strongly magnetised neutron star recently found the first evidence of a quantum effect called vacuum birefringence. This was first hypothesised in the 1930s when quantum theory predicted that empty space – a vacuum – is not empty at all. Rather, it is chock full of virtual particles that flash in and out of existence.

Normally it is expected that the light passes through the vacuum of space unchanged, but it turns out extreme magnetic fields, like those around a neutron star, can modify the properties of these virtual particles in a vacuum and affect the polarisation of passing light. When the light reaches telescopes on Earth, the outcome of this quantum effect can be seen on a macroscopic level.

Temperature goes quantum

Imagine cranking up the heat in your oven and putting in a cake to bake, only to later discover that patches of the cake didn’t cook because parts of the oven are still at room temperature.

We are used to the idea that heat flows smoothly from hot spots to adjacent cold ones, warming up a room or object evenly. In quantum physics, this is not always the case. Research has found that temperature behaves in odd ways in graphene, an extraordinary material made of a single-layer sheet of carbon atoms. Electrons carrying heat propagate out in waves, and these ripples mean that some spots in the graphene remain cold while others heat up.

Excitingly, the size of the ripples can be controlled so they can be observed with thermal microscopes, giving scientists a view into temperature at a quantum level. If this effect can be harnessed, it may lead to applications in computing, medicine, and environmental monitoring.