G 老陰 「Γῆ Gē ⚏」

G (guanine) 🢂  Guānyīn ㄍㄨㄢ ㄧㄣ 觀音 अवलोकितस्वर (avalokitaśvara, literally “down-observe-sound”)

⚏ 老陰, Black that was White till the 戰國時代 Warring States period

 🢂  GGG ≍ 坤 ䷁ 「Γῆ Gē」

Guanine (/ˈɡwɑːnɪn/; or G, Gua, 鳥嘌呤) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA). In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine. The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine.

With the formula C5H5N5O, guanine is a derivative of purine, consisting of a fused pyrimidine-imidazole ring system with conjugated double bonds. This unsaturated arrangement means the bicyclic molecule is planar.

Triglycine (Q27132936) chemical compound

Gly-Gly-Gly    GGG    (Gly)3    GlyGlyGly    N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine    Diglycylglycine

Glycine (symbol Gly or G /ˈɡlaɪsiːn/) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable), with the chemical formula NH2‐CH2‐COOH. Glycine is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). Glycine is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to its compact form. For the same reason, it is the most abundant amino acid in collagen triple-helices. Glycine is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter – interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction.

Glycine is a colourless, sweet-tasting crystalline solid. It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. The acyl radical is glycyl. It is a nonessential amino acid. These are naturally occurring amino acids that the human body can synthesize for itself, and so need not be provided by dietary protein.

Presence in space

The presence of glycine outside the earth was confirmed in 2009, based on the analysis of samples that had been taken in 2004 by the NASA spacecraft Stardust from comet Wild 2 and subsequently returned to earth. Glycine had previously been identified in the Murchison meteorite in 1970. The discovery of cometary glycine bolstered the theory of panspermia, which claims that the "building blocks" of life are widespread throughout the Universe. In 2016, detection of glycine within Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft was announced.

The detection of glycine outside the solar system in the interstellar medium has been debated.[40] In 2008, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered the spectral lines of a glycine-like molecule aminoacetonitrile in the Large Molecule Heimat, a giant gas cloud near the galactic centre in the constellation Sagittarius.

E640: glycine (and its sodium salt) when used as a flavour enhancer.

γλῠκῠ́ς • (glukús) m (feminine γλῠκεῖᾰ, neuter γλῠκῠ́); first/third declension 🢂  sweet (taste)

少陰 老陰 少陽 老陽

The most meaningful part of a DNA molecule is its base.

The four bases are:

• A (adenine),
• G (guanine) 🢂  Guānyīn ㄍㄨㄢ ㄧㄣ 觀音 अवलोकितस्वर (avalokitaśvara, literally “down-observe-sound”)
• C (cytosine),
• T (thymine).

The four bases are separated into 2 different systems: purine and pyrimidine. The linking of purine and pyrimidine in DNA forms the axis of the DNA molecule, allowing the molecule to possess biological significance. The alternating sequencing of the four bases AGCT forms a double helix structure, within which the human genetic code resides. Aside from the four bases AGCT, scientists have also identified a type of nucleic acid in the cytoplasm called ribonucleic acid, or RNA. Thus, in the pyrimidine system, the base T is replaced by the base U or uracil. RNA’s chemical composition is similar to DNA; when using hexagrams to represent triplets of genetic code, the 爻象 yáo xiàng expressions of T & U are identical.

• 爻 yáo is a horizontal line that is either broken or solid, and
• 爻象 yáo xiàng is the diagram that stacked 爻 yáos form.
• Six 爻 yáo stacked form a 卦 hexagram.

When genetic code (also known as codons) is expressed in the form of the 64 hexagrams, it does not differentiate between RNA and DNA.

The correspondence between the 64 hexagrams and 64 編碼組 codons was successively demonstrated by 秦新華、Qin Xinhua, 蔡恆希、Cai Hengxi, and others in the 1980s. The first case of connecting genetics and 易學 yì xué outside of China was by Martin Scorsese. In his book The Secret Key to Life, Scorsese discusses the genetic laws behind how the 64 hexagrams correspond to the 64 codons. In essence, the three bases in genetic code determine how amino acids are translated and arranged to compose the 64 codons. AGCT(U) expressed in 爻象 yáo xiàng is the following:

expression of AGCT(U) in 爻象 (爻 ㄧㄠ ˊ yáo 象 ㄒㄧㄤ ˋ xiàng)

易卦中的爻辭與象辭的合撰。

《易經·繫辭下》：「爻也者，效此者也；象也者，像此者也。爻象動乎內，吉凶見乎外。」

Codons sun ("codesonne" in german); shows which base sequence encodes which amino acid