虎錫

खक्खर, a khakkhara (Tibetan: འཁར་གསིལ, khar sil;錫杖: xīzhàng; Japanese: shakujō; 석장: seokjang; "tin stick"), sometimes referred to in English as a pewter staff,^[1] is a staff topped with metal rings traditionally carried by Buddhist monks, particularly in the East Asian tradition.

Originally used as a noisemaker to announce a monk's presence and frighten away animals, it was adapted for use as a rhythmic instrument during chanting and sutra recitation, and for use as a weapon. It is also known as a "tiger pewter staff" (虎錫)[2], due to its traditional use of driving away predatory animals.

Several versions of the staff's origin are given in the Sarvastivada vinaya, but in all of them, the staff is recommended to monks by the Buddha in order to ward off animals- either for protection from dangerous predatory animals like tigers and lions or for scaring off small creatures like spiders and snakes that might be trod on by wandering monks. The ringing of the staff can also alert donors within earshot of the monk's presence, as monks traditionally remain silent while collecting alms.

In महायान, mahāyāna, the Mahayana sutra, known as the Pewter Staff Sutra 《得道梯橙錫杖經》, the Buddha instructed his monks that they should have one of these staffs, because the Buddhas of the past, present and future also kept such a staff. 《得道梯橙錫杖經》載：「汝等皆應受持錫杖，所以者何？過去、現在、未來諸佛皆執持故。」又錫杖「彰顯聖智，故名智杖；行功德本，故曰德杖。如是杖者，聖人之表式，賢士之明記，趣道法之正幢。」為頭陀十八物之一。

According to 佛國記, Fóguó Jì: the Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by 法顯 Fǎxiǎn, the capital city of Νάγαρα, Nagara, also known as Dionysopolis (Διονυσόπολις), once had विहर, a Vihāra that held the staff that belonged to the Buddha. The staff was made of "bulls-head sandalwood" (गोशीर्ष चन्दन gośīrṣa* candana, 栴檀那 Zhāntán nà,檀木 tánmù) and was about 16-17 尺ㄔˇchǐ² in length. It was encased in a wooden sheath and too heavy for even a thousand men to move.

Goryeo고려; 高麗; Koryŏ-क्षितिगर्भ (Kshitigarbha 地藏 Chijang)-late.14c

[1] a gray alloy of tin with copper and antimony (formerly, tin and lead).

[2] 錫杖是出家人所執持的法器。永嘉禪師《證道歌》提到：

“降龍缽，解虎錫，兩鈷金環鳴歷歷， 不是標形虛事持，如來寶杖親蹤跡。"

"Drop the dragon bowl, untie the tiger tin, and the two cobalt gold rings..."

² 一丈六尺 Yī zhàng liù chǐ ⋝ 5,3 metres

流離 ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄌㄧˊ: to wander about homeless; to live like a refugee.

地じ蔵ぞう (Jizō), 地じ蔵ぞう菩ぼ薩さつ

錫杖しゃくじょう • (shakujō) 

地藏 Jizō Bosatsu (क्षितिगर्भ, Kṣitigarbha bodhisattva) is usually represented as a gentle, boyish monk holding a wish-granting jewel ( चिन्तामणि, Cintāmaṇi 'Wish-Fulfilling Gem'如意珠ruyizhu "as-one-wishes jewel" or 如意寶珠 ruyibaozhu "as-one-wishes precious jewel") in his left hand, and in his right, 錫杖 a shakujō, or monk’s staff with six jangling rings to indicate his travels to succour creatures in need. Mendicant monks observed a rule of silence; they carried such a staff to announce their approach and to frighten away insects and animals lest they inadvertently tread on them. The six rings symbolize the Six Realms of Existence where 地藏Jizō is active and the Six Perfections that lead to nirvana: generosity, morality, patience, vigour, concentration, and wisdom. This 錫杖shakujō finial bears an inscription that commemorates its dedication to a shrine or temple on the sacred mountain at 厳島Itsukushima, popularly known as 宮島, Miyajima "Shrine Island". It has been displayed with this statue since early in the twentieth century.

地藏菩薩（梵語：क्षितिगर्भ, Kṣitigarbha），因其「安忍不動，猶如大地，靜慮深密，猶如秘藏」，所以得名。佛典載，地藏菩薩在過去世中，曾經幾度救出自己在地獄受苦的母親；並在久遠劫以來就不斷發願要救度一切罪苦眾生尤其是地獄眾生。所以這位菩薩同時以「大孝」和「大願」的德業被佛教廣為弘傳。也因此被普遍尊稱為「大願地藏王菩薩」，並且成為了漢傳佛教的四大菩薩之一。

क्षितिगर्भ Kṣitigarbha 地藏菩薩; 地藏菩萨 Dìzàng Púsà 地蔵菩薩じぞうぼさつ : Jizō Bosatsu)

* गोशीर्ष Gośīrṣa is another name, a synonym, for चन्दन Candana, which is the Sanskrit appellation for the plant Santalum album (the Indian sandalwood). As such, it was identified by नरहरि Narahari in his 13th-century राजनिघण्टु Rājanighaṇṭu (verses 12.6-8), which is an Ayurvedic medicinal thesaurus (Āyurveda आयुर्वेद).